筛胸梳爪叩甲是我国南方地区重要的笋期害虫。研究了林间挖笋除虫、黑光灯诱杀及药剂防治3种方法对筛胸梳爪叩甲的控制效果。结果表明:3种技术措施均能显著降低该虫的危害率和虫口密度,其中药剂防治效果最明显。3 a持续挖笋除虫的防治效果达(22.76±3.90)%;每年单盏黑光灯年平均诱捕量可达(1 143.8±318.7)头,连续6 a的灯光诱杀可将竹笋危害率由防治前的(56.05±2.83)%降至防治后的(39.21±2.83)%;连续施用5%辛硫磷+3%毒死蜱颗粒剂3 a年可将竹笋危害率由防治前的(69.62±5.36)%降至(21.17±7.65)%,防治效果达(70.11±10.99)%。

Casmara patrona is one of the main borer pests damaging Camellia oleifera in China. Few reports about this insect were published. The life history, biological characteristics and natural enemies of C. patrona were investigated through field survey and laboratory observation in this study. The results showed that C. patrona had one generation in one year or two years, and overwintered as 3rd-5th instar larva in Zhejiang Province. About 88 percent of larvae began to pupate in early May, and the rest kept feeding till the next year. The adults could be observed from early June to early July, and the peak of emergence occurred in late June. The adults began to oviposit in late June and terminated in early July. The eggs started hatching in early July, and then the larvae bored into the branch to feed. The entrance holes of the larvae distributed predominately in the middle of the eastern and southern part of C. oleifera tree. The larva had five instars, and there were 10-50 days when the larva did not feed between consecutive instars.

竹箩舟蛾是竹子的重要食叶害虫,分布于我国南方产竹各省,在浙江省1a3～4代,均以蛹于土表下越冬。成虫发生期分别为4月上旬～5月上旬、6月上旬～7月上旬、7月下旬～8月下旬、9月下旬～10月中旬。幼虫危害期分别为4月下旬～6月中旬、6月中旬～8月上旬、8月中旬～10月上旬,以第3代蛹越冬者幼虫可延至10月下旬,第4代为10月中旬、11月下旬。第3代幼虫各龄食叶量分别为1.57、7.73、16.36、57.02、579.78cm2,幼虫期共取食竹叶662.46cm2。雌性幼虫期食叶量比雄性多12%～15%,每头成虫产卵量为161～286粒。天敌有赤眼蜂、黑卵蜂、姬蜂、寄蝇等。并提出了相应的防治方法。

以松墨天牛幼虫为实验材料,研究了其肠道内纤维素酶的组成和酶解动力学特征等。结果表明,松墨天牛幼虫肠道内有完整的纤维素酶系,其中以C1酶活性最强,Cx酶次之,β-l,4.葡萄糖苷酶活性最弱;C1酶、Cx酶和β.葡萄糖苷酶3者的最适作用温区分别为35～55、45～55、40～50℃,最适pH值分别为5.0、5.6、5.0;Cx酶具有最强的热稳定性(65℃,2h),C1酶次之(55℃,2h),β-l,4.葡萄糖苷酶最低(50℃,1h)。此外动力学参数比较揭示,C1酶具有最大的Vmax和Km,分别为1.0838和0.7632,β-l,4.葡萄糖苷酶和Cx酶分别具有最小的Km(0.1832)和Vmax(0.4339),但β.萄糖苷酶具有最大的酶解初速度(0.5938)。

本文研究了Cu++、Mn++、Ca++、Pb++、Ag+、Zn++、Na+、Fe++8种金属离子对松墨天牛(幼虫、成虫)消化道纤维素酶活性(离体条件下)的影响。结果表明:不同的金属离子对纤维素酶有不同程度的影响,除Fe++有激活作用外,其它7种金属离子对纤维素酶各组分酶活性在实验所取浓度范围内(0.150 mmol.L-1)表现为程度不同的抑制作用,其中Cu++和Pb++的抑制效应最强,这在纤维素酶的组分(Cx酶、-βl,4-葡萄糖苷酶、C1酶)都有很鲜明的体现,与对照相比较,在不同浓度梯度下使Cx酶的活性下降13.19%99.98%和42.27%100%。

选用生产上较常用的Ag+、Na+、Ca2+、Cu2+、Mn2+、Pb2+、Zn2+、Fe2+共8种金属盐离子进行试验,研究其在活体条件下对松墨天牛纤维素酶3种组分(Cx酶、C1酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶)活性的影响。结果表明:处理24 h后,Fe2+对纤维素酶有明显的激活作用,离子浓度为1、2 mmol.L-1时Cx酶分别增加4.35%和9.76%,而其余7种离子则抑制纤维素酶的活性,尤其Ag+、Cu2+和Pb2+抑制纤维素酶活性作用效果显著,低浓度时Cx酶分别下降35.20%、36.84%和32.49%;但处理7 d后,参试的8种金属离子对该纤维素酶系表现为一致的抑制作用。随着离子浓度(0.150 mmol.L-1)的升高,金属离子的酶抑制效应加剧,Cu2+对Cx酶的抑制作用相应为30.56%～92.55%(短期效应)和25.32%～95.78%(长期效应)。虽然Ag+、Cu2+和Pb2+均有较好的抑制效果,但Cu2+的不可替代的优越性使其在农业生产上具有很好的应用前景。

纤维素酶是天牛体内重要的消化酶类,本文以松墨天牛为对象,研究了该虫肠道纤维素酶随禁食时间、取食时间不同的变化规律。结果显示,随着禁食时间的延长,纤维素酶3种组分酶活性均表现为先升高,后降低;而随着取食时间的延长,松墨天牛体内的纤维素3种组分酶活性变化规律相一致,由开始的低活性逐渐升高,并最终趋于稳定。

Dasychira dudgeoni is one of the main insect pests on Camellia oleifera in southern China. So far, there are no reports on the biocharacteristics of this insect. In this study, the biological characteristics of D. dudgeoni were investigated by field survey and laboratory observation. D. dudgeoni has 2—3 generations each year, and overwinters as eggs in Zhejiang Province. The eggs hatch during late February and early March. The first to third instar larva feed on the lower surface of leaves or the pericarp of the fruit. Later they feed mainly on leaves. The mature 5th instar larva move to lower leaves and combine two complete leaves by spinning silk into a ridge shaped cocoon then pupate inside. The female adults stay on the surface of the cocoon waiting for the male adult to mate. And the next day, the females lay eggs on the cocoon, then fly to the lower surface of leaves to oviposit.

竹笋夜蛾是竹林笋期最主要的害虫之一, 应用昆虫种群生物学理论对早园竹、红竹和淡竹笋上3种夜蛾种群动态及生态位进行了研究。结果表明: 淡竹笋夜蛾和笋秀夜蛾在种群数量上明显占优, 前者发生高峰期集中于4月底至5月初, 约7 d, 后者集中于5 月中旬, 约10 d, 二者在发生时间上相互分离; 竹笋禾夜蛾发生数量少, 危害相对较轻。淡竹笋夜蛾的时间生态位宽度在3 种夜蛾中最小, 竹笋禾夜蛾和淡竹笋夜蛾的生态位相似比例较高( > 0. 7), 种间竞争系数高达0. 907 3, 说明二者在利用时间资源上发生重叠, 二者存在明显资源竞争, 最终导致淡竹笋夜蛾种群密度和数量比例显著高于竹笋禾夜蛾。竹笋禾夜蛾的生态位宽度和笋秀夜蛾接近。3种竹笋夜蛾共存同一株竹笋的情况不存在, 即使是2种夜蛾共存于同一竹笋的几率也很低, 平均值也仅为0. 97%。

节肢动物群落结构及其多样性是反映森林生态系统稳定性的重要指标。2005—2007年对浙江东明山森林公园毛竹林节肢动物群落进行了系统调查,共采集到42～439号标本,隶属于17目,126科,511种。结果表明:无论是从种类还是个体数上,均以鳞翅目最为丰富,其次为鞘翅目。毛竹林节肢动物群落多样性呈现明显的季节性变化,在冬季和夏季,相对丰度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数及Simpson优势集中性指数等指标均有所下降,总体随着季节变化呈现双峰型的变化趋势,高峰期分别出现在每年的6月和9月;从功能集团角度分析,植食性集团无论在物种的种类及个体数上均占有明显优势,其次是天敌集团,中性集团最少。植食性集团中昆虫种类多,但优势物种不突出;中性集团中华按蚊及伊蚊等优势种地位明显;天敌集团中捕食性天敌(蜘蛛和捕食性昆虫)占主导地位。